Recovery in elite youth basketball players: The responsiveness of the psychophysiological measurements and the role of testosterone concentration.

This study investigated the recovery responses to the Total Quality Recovery (TQR), Well-Being questionnaire (WBQ), and Heart Rate (HR) responses to Submaximal Running Test (SRT), and the influence of salivary testosterone concentration (TEST) on these responses in 25 elite youth (U15) male basketball players. TQR, WBQ, and HR measurements were assessed after 48 hours of rest (T1), 24 hours after the 1st day of training (T2) and 24 hours after the 2nd day of training (T3). Salivary sampling was conducted at T1 and T3. A significant decrease was observed for TQR (F = 4.06; p = 0.01) and for WBQ (F = 5.37; p = 0.008) from T1 to T3. No difference among the three-time points was observed for HR and HR Recovery, and the TEST concentration did not influence the results. These results show that TQR and WBQ are sensitive to acute transient alterations in training loads (TL) and may be utilized to monitor recovery in elite youth basketball players. The HR related measurements presented limited responsiveness, and the TEST seems not to influence the recovery of these players who are competing at highest performance level.

The emergence of critical incidents in Rugby Union matches using Markov chain analysis.

During a rugby match, teams are continually trying to cause instabilities of different magnitudes on each other. Once a perturbation occurs, a phase transition emerges. Markov chain analysis has the potential to investigate emerging patterns in rugby union. This study examined the probability of a critical incident (CI; penalties and tries) occurring during Rugby Union matches, and whether differences would exist between winning and losing. The Markov chain analysis was used to identify the probability of a transition from a game state to a further state, due to the analysis of the preceding state. A game phase was defined as a technical and tactical match action which occurred between two consecutive advantage lines. Contingency tables were assembled from 280 phases registered during 11 matches of Brazilian Rugby Union XV A Series Championship. The results showed that previous technical and tactical actions made from rucks had the highest probability of generating a transition phase leading to a CI. The results suggest that the winning teams adopt a more flexible approach to the environmental changes that occur throughout a game and demonstrated more flexibility during transitional state occurrences, with higher variability in technical and tactical actions related to a previous game phase.

The Markov chain analysis showed that previous technical and tactical actions made from rucks had the highest probability of generating a transition phase leading to a CI.Winning teams may adopt a more flexible approach to the environmental changes that occur throughout a game.Higher variability in technical and tactical actions related to a previous game phase was observed in winning teams.The game action leading to CI moments for winning teams involved forwards and backs, while losing teams mainly depended on the involvement of forwards and eventually on opponent errors.Markov chain analysis may be a useful and valid tool to rugby match-play analysis considering the complex system framework.

Effects of resistance training on consecutive and non-consecutive days on hormonal, neuromuscular and morphological responses in recreationally trained men / Efeitos do treinamento de força em dias consecutivos e não consecutivos nas respostas hormonal, neuromuscular e morfológica em homens treinados recreacionalmente

abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of two recovery periods between consecutive and non-consecutive days in strength training sessions on hormonal, neuromuscular and morphological variables in recreationally trained men. Nineteen young men completed the study and were randomly divided into two groups: 24R, 24-hour recovery group (n = nine) and 72R, 72-hour recovery group (n = ten). The strength training program (RT) lasted six weeks with two serial routines, with a weekly frequency of four times. The saliva sample was collected once a week in the morning to determine salivary testosterone. The 1RM, jump against movement and body composition tests were performed in the pre- and post-training periods. As for salivary testosterone, there was no significant effect with respect to time and between groups. Both groups improved maximal strength in terms of intervention time in the barbell bench press and in the leg press 45º, not differing between groups and body composition showed significant interaction in time to body fat percentage ∆% = -14.6 ± 10.0 (24R) and -17.2 ± 10.9 (72R); p = 0.00, fat mass ∆% = -13, 7 ± 9.2 (24R) and -18.2 ± 13.0 (72R); p = 0.00 and fat-free mass ∆% = 3.5 ± 2.7 (24R) and 2.5 ± 2 .8 (72R), p = 0.00. The recovery periods 24 and 72 hours between sessions induced similar responses in the parameters investigated in recreationally strength-trained men.

resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito de dois períodos de recuperação entre dias consecutivos e não consecutivos em sessões de treinamento de força sobre variáveis hormonais, neuromusculares e morfológicas em homens treinados recreacionalmente. Dezenove homens jovens completaram o estudo e foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: 24R, grupo de recuperação de 24 horas (n = nove) e 72R, grupo de recuperação de 72 horas (n = dez). O programa de treinamento de força (TF) durou seis semanas com duas rotinas seriadas, com frequência semanal de quatro vezes. A amostra de saliva foi coletada uma vez por semana no período da manhã para determinação da testosterona salivar. Os testes de 1RM, salto contra movimento e composição corporal foram realizados nos períodos pré e pós-treinamento. Quanto à testosterona salivar, não houve efeito significativo em relação ao tempo e entre os grupos. Ambos os grupos melhoraram a força máxima em termos de tempo de intervenção no supino reto com barra e no leg press 45º, não diferindo entre os grupos e composição corporal apresentaram interação significativa no tempo para percentual de gordura corporal ∆% = -14,6 ± 10,0 (24R) e -17,2 ± 10,9 (72R); p = 0,00, massa gorda ∆% = -13, 7 ± 9,2 (24R) e -18,2 ± 13,0 (72R); p = 0,00 e massa isenta de gordura ∆% = 3,5 ± 2,7 (24R) e 2,5 ± 2,8 (72R), p = 0,00. Os períodos de recuperação de 24 e 72 horas entre as sessões induziram respostas semelhantes nos parâmetros investigados em homens treinados de força recreacionalmente.

External and Internal Training Loads for Intensive and Extensive Tactical-Conditioning in Soccer Small Sided Games.

This study aimed to investigate the external (ETLs; 15-Hz GPS unit coupled with a 100 Hz tri-axial accelerometer) and internal training loads (ITLs; session-RPE method) of 18 elite U20 soccer players (19 ± 1.0 years, 178 ± 8 cm, 71 ± 7 kg) undertaking a tactical-conditioning training program with special reference to small-sided games (SSGs). The SSGs used in this program were either extensive (SSG-extensive) or intensive (SSG-intensive) training sessions, that were alternated within the assessed weeks. Tactical principles of the game influenced the aim of the technical-tactical content. Total distance (TDR; ES: 1.17), and a very high-speed running distance (HSR; ES: 0.96) were greater in SSG-extensive vs. SSG-intensive. However, no meaningful difference was found for accelerations (ACC; ES: 0.12) and decelerations (DEC; ES: 0.08). However, a higher perceived intensity (session-RPE; ES: 0.62) and greater ITLs (ES: 0.27) were found for SSG-intensive. These findings suggest that coaches should prescribe SSG training sessions not only considering the usual variables (rules, player numbers, etc.). The current data indicate that the tactical objective of SSGs in relation to exercise bout duration and rest intervals should be considered, while implementing a multi-dimensional training monitoring program during SSG tactical-conditioning training sessions, integrating ETL and ITL variables to gain a better understanding of training responses.

Hábitos alimentares de atletas brasileiros durante a pandemia do Coronavírus / Eating habits of Brazilian athletes during the Coronavirus pandemic

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a alteração nos hábitos alimentares de atletas brasileiros durante a pandemia do Coronavírus. Por meio de questionário online estruturado, 249 atletas com pelo menos 10 anos de prática e/ou pelo menos uma convocação pela seleção brasileira de sua respectiva modalidade, tiveram suas respostas analisadas. Houve decréscimo da frequência de consumo de verduras e legumes considerando a categoria de consumo "5 ou mais dias por semana", sendo 137 atletas (55,0%) antes da pandemia e 113 atletas (45,4%) durante a pandemia do Coronavírus (p<0,05). A frequência de consumo de frutas também apresentou redução de consumo, passando de 150 atletas (60,2%) que consumiam frutas "5 ou mais dias por semana" antes para 130 atletas (52,2%) durante a pandemia do Coronavírus (p<0,05). Contudo, houve aumento do número de atletas que consumiam frituras (15,3% antes para 23,3%, durante), bem como pizza, lanches e sanduíches, em "2 a 4 dia por semana" (21,3% antes para 31,7%, durante) (p<0,05) durante a pandemia do Coronavírus. Houve mudança na responsabilidade dos atletas em preparar suas refeições durante a pandemia do Coronavírus, bem como redução na frequência de refeições realizadas diariamente. Apesar de haver aumento do consumo de alimentos prontos durante a pandemia do Coronavírus (p<0,05), os atletas não aumentaram o consumo de alimentos/refeições por aplicativos (p>0,05). Concluindo, os dados do estudo demonstram que atletas de elite brasileiros apresentaram modificação nos hábitos alimentares em consequência da pandemia do Coronavírus. Tal fato sugere atenção, posto que se mantidas por períodos prolongados ou intensificadas, as alterações observadas poderiam se caracterizar na piora do perfil alimentar dos atletas brasileiros.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the change in the eating habits of Brazilian athletes during the Coronavirus pandemic. Through a structured online questionnaire, 249 athletes with at least 10 years of practice and/or at least one call by the Brazilian team of their respective modality had their answers analyzed. There was a decrease in the frequency of consumption of vegetables considering the consumption category "5 or more days a week", with 137 athletes (55.0%) before the pandemic and 113 athletes (45.4%) during the Coronavirus pandemic (p<0.05). The frequency of fruit consumption also showed a reduction, from 150 athletes (60.2%) who consumed fruit "5 or more days a week" before the pandemic to 130 athletes (52.2%) during the pandemic (p<0.05). However, there was an increase in the number of athletes who consumed fried foods (15.3% before to 23.3% during), as well as pizza, snacks, and sandwiches, "2 to 4 days a week" (21.3% before to 31.7% during) (p<0.05) during the Coronavirus pandemic. There was a change in the responsibility of athletes to prepare their meals during the Coronavirus pandemic, as well as a reduction in the frequency of meals taken daily. Although there was an increase in the consumption of ready-to-eat foods during the Coronavirus pandemic (p<0.05), athletes did not increase their consumption of food/meals through apps (p>0.05). In conclusion, the study data demonstrate that Brazilian elite athletes showed changes in eating habits as a result of the Coronavirus pandemic. This fact draws attention, since if maintained for prolonged or intensified periods, the observed changes could be characterized by the worsening of the dietary profile of Brazilian athletes.

Running Performance and Hormonal, Maturity and Physical Variables in Starting and Non-Starting Elite U14 Soccer Players During a Congested Match Schedule.

This study examined changes in match running performance (MRP) in Under-14 soccer players (13.5 ± 0.7 yrs) during a congested match schedule (CMS) (4 matches played within a 5-day period). It also examined the difference in salivary testosterone (sT) concentration, somatic maturation, jumping tests, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) between the players selected to play (SLG; group who participated in all matches) and players non-selected to play (NSG). A significant difference was observed for the frequency of decelerations (DEC) across matches (match 4 vs. matches 1, 2 and 3; p = 0.05; partial ƞ2 = 0.20). No difference between matches was observed for total running distance (TRD), high-speed running distance (HSRD), and frequency of accelerations (ACC) (p > 0.05). A wide range for within-player coefficient of variation (CV) values was observed for all MRP variables (range: 10.5 = TRD to 30.6 = HSRD). No difference between SLG and NSG for any of the assessed variables was observed (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that DEC was the most pertinent variable for monitoring changes in MRP during the CMS. In addition, at an elite youth soccer level, the biological maturity and fitness might not influence selection to play.

Beta-alanine Supplementation for Four Weeks Increases Volume Index and Reduces Perceived Effort of Resistance-trained Men: A Pilot Study.

The aim of the present study was to assess the short-term effects of four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation (BA) (6.4 g/day) on the total volume performed and perceived effort of resistance-trained individuals. Sixteen trained men (age: 27.3 ± 5.0 years, height: 1.78 ± 0.1 cm, total body mass: 84.3 ± 8.4 kg, RT experience: 5.9 ± 3.3 years) were allocated in one of the following groups: BA or Placebo (PLA). In addition, during the same period, participants were submitted to a resistance training program. Volume index (VI) and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected during the experimental period for both groups. Significant increases from the first to the last intervention week in VI were observed only for BA (+6.5%, d = 0.61, p = 0.04). In addition, supplementation induced a lower mean RPE (BA: 8.8 ± 0.5 AU vs. PLA: 9.4 ± 0.3 AU, p = 0.02). In conclusion, four weeks of BA supplementation were able to increase resistance-training volume without affecting the perceived effort of trained men.

Order of Resistance Training Cycles to Develop Strength and Muscle Thickness in Resistance-Trained Men: A Pilot Study.

The aim of the present study was to assess the chronic effects of different order of resistance training cycles on strength and muscle thickness of recreationally resistance-trained men. The study sample was composed of 16 healthy men (age: 25.0 ± 3.8 years, height: 1.77 ± 7.6 cm, total body mass: 81.7 ± 10.4 kg, RT experience: 4.6 ± 0.7 years, relative bench press one repetition maximum: 1.2 ± 0.1, relative squat one-repetition maximum: 1.5 ± 0.2). According to baseline maximal strength, participants were allocated in one of the following groups: Maximal Strength-Strength Endurance (MS-SE) (six weeks of a maximal strength cycle followed by six weeks of a strength endurance cycle); Strength Endurance -Maximal Strength (MS-SE) (six weeks of a strength endurance cycle followed by six weeks of a maximal strength cycle). The following measurements were performed in the pre and post intervention periods: one-repetition maximum (1RM) on parallel back squat and bench press exercises, muscle thickness evaluation of biceps brachialis (MTBB), triceps brachialis (MTTB), and vastus lateralis (MTVL) by ultrasonography. Total load lifted (TLL) and Internal training load (ITL) were also assessed. Both groups presented significant increases in bench press (MS-SE p = 0.001, SE-MS p = 0.003) and half squat (MS-SE p = 0.004, SE-MS p = 0.001) 1RM, MTBB (MS-SE p = 0.020, SE-MS p = 0.005) and MTTB (MS-SE p = 0.001, SE-MS p = 0.001). For MTVL, a significant increase was observed only for MS-SE group (MS-SE p = 0.032, SE-MS p = 0.143). No significant difference between groups was observed for any strength or morphological outcomes. In conclusion, both MS-SE and SE-MS training cycles are effective strategies to enhance resistance training adaptations in trained men.

Acute Effects of Foam Rolling on Cycling Performance: A Randomized Cross-Over Study.

Acute foam rolling protocols may increase range of motion without a negative impact on muscle performance. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the acute effects of foam rolling on cycling performance (mean power and maximal power), affect and perceived exertion. A secondary aim was to assess the effect of foam rolling on post-exercise muscle soreness. In a random order, ten recreationally trained cyclists (age: 26 ± 5 years; height 1.76 ± 0.06 m; total body mass 78.3 ± 19.8 kg; cycling experience: 5.6 ± 5.3 years; 4.1 ± 1.3 cycling sessions per week and 1.4 ± 1.4 strength sessions per week) were submitted to the following experimental conditions (separated by one week) before performing a three-minute, all-out cycling test: foam rolling or control. During foam rolling protocol, participants were instructed to roll back and forth on one leg and to place the opposite leg crossed over, from the proximal to the distal portion of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis during one set of sixty seconds for each muscle group. Feeling scale (10 min pre and post-test), CR-10 scale of perceived exertion (ten-minute post-test), pressure pain threshold (pre and 24 h post-test) and mean/maximal power were assessed. No significant differences were observed between conditions for mean and maximal power, affect, perceived exertion, and pressure pain threshold (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, a pre-exercise acute session of self-myofascial release does not improve performance and post-exercise muscle soreness of recreationally trained cyclists.

Chronic Effects of Heavy Load Activity Performed Before Resistance Training Sessions on the Physical Performance of Youth Soccer Players.

The adoption of resistance training (RT) programs has been shown to positively influence sports performance-related parameters. However, the chronic effects of maximal strength protocols on the performance of soccer players are not completely investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of performing two repetition maximum (2RM) before a resistance training session on the physical performance of youth soccer players. Seventeen players (under-20 category) were allocated in one of the following groups: 2RM + resistance training group (2RM + RT, n = 8) and resistance training group (RTG, n = 9). Both groups performed the same RT protocol during experimental weeks. However, the 2RM + RT performed 1 set of 2RM for 4 exercises, previously to RT protocol. Pre and post intervention period, one repetition maximum of the back squat exercise (1RMSQUAT), sprint time (15m-sprint test), countermovement jump (CMJ), repeated sprint ability (RSABEST and RSAMEAN), and yo-yo intermittent recovery test level-2 (YYIRT2) were assessed. Total load lifted (TLL) during the experimental weeks was also collected. Significant increases in 1RMSQUAT (2RM + RT: +45.1%, d = 4.40; RTG: +32.3%, d = 1.84), 15m sprint (2RM + RT: -9.0%, d = 7.9; RTG: -8.8%%, d = 3.2), CMJ (2RM + RT: +2.3%, d = 0.17; RTG: +0.8%, d = 0.07), RSABEST (2RM + RT: -2.4%, d = 0.6; RTG: -2.3%, d = 1.04), RSAMEAN (2RM + RT: -2.9%, d = 1.33; RTG: -3.4%, d = 1.78), YYIRT2 (2RM + RT: +12.0%, d = 0.82; RTG: +12.1%, d = 0.63) (all p < 0,05) were observed for both groups on pre to post-intervention periods, with no significant difference between groups. Therefore, the 2RM + RT protocol did not promote additional increase on performance of young soccer players.

Analysis of serve and serve return on different surfaces in elite tennis players / Análise de saque e devolução de saque em diferentes tipos de quadra em jogadores de tênis de elite

Abstract The aim of the current study was to analyze players' interactions in serve and serve return situations and examine the way points were decided due to players' positions and surfaces. Fourteen ATP 1000 tournament matches were analyzed (7 on hard surface; 7 on clay surface). The type of surface did not affect the way points ended (χ²=9.26; p > 0.05) but did influence serve return vertical positioning (χ²=270.86; p < 0.001). The return positioning, both lateral (χ²=92.68; p < 0.001 on deuce side - χ² = 78.98; p < 0.001 on advantage side) and vertical (χ²=33.59; p < 0.001), and the type of serve (χ²=45.13; p < 0.001) affected the way points were decided. The results from the present study suggest that tennis players should use, or at least seek, strategies based on aggressiveness and consistency of the 1st serve and also indicate that in the 2nd serve return, players are more offensive, and that on hard surfaces, players stand a few steps inside the court to return the serve, differently from clay surfaces. It recommended that serve returns should combine aggression, by inside the court positioning, and accuracy.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as interações dos jogadores em situações de saque e retorno de saque e examinar como os pontos foram decididos em função do posicionamento em quadra e dos tipos de superfície. Quatorze partidas do torneio ATP 1000 foram analisadas (7 em superfície dura; 7 em superfície de saibro). O tipo de piso não influenciou a forma como os pontos são definidos (χ²=9,26; p > 0,05), mas apresentou efeito sobre o posicionamento vertical na devolução de saque (χ²=270,86; p < 0.001). O posicionamento na devolução de saque, tanto vertical como lateral (no lado de iguais χ² = 92,68; p < 0,001 e no lado da vantagem χ²=78,98; p < 0,001), e o tipo de saque (χ²=45,13; p < 0.001) afetaram a forma como os pontos foram definidos. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que os tenistas devem usar, ou pelo menos buscar, estratégias de jogo baseadas na agressividade e consistência do 1º saque. Os resultados também indicam que na devolução do 2º saque os jogadores são mais ofensivos, e que nas superfícies duras os jogadores ficam alguns passos dentro da quadra para devolver o saque, diferentemente das superfícies de saibro. Recomenda-se que devoluções de saque combinem agressividade, por posicionamento dentro da quadra, e acurácia.

Does Oral Hygiene Influence Salivary pH, Lactate, and IL-1β of Basketball Players During Intense Exercise? / La Higiene Oral Influye en el pH Salival, el Lactato y la IL-1β de los Jugadores de Baloncesto Durante el Ejercicio Intenso?

ABSTRACT: This study examined the salivary pH, salivary lactate, and salivary IL-1 β responses from a high-intensity intermittent running test, and the influence of hygiene oral status on these biomarkers in elite adolescent basketball players. Forty-six adolescent players participated. Saliva sampling was taken before and 3 min after a high-intensity exercise (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1; Yo-Yo IR1). In order to quantify and classify the oral hygiene level, the athletes were submitted to a dental examination, and an adapted Simplified Oral Hygiene Index was applied. After the dental examination, the whole group was divided into good oral hygiene group (GHG) and poor oral hygiene group (PHG). The results of a two- way analysis of variance showed a significant interaction effect (P = 0.0003), group effect (P < 0.0001), and time effect (pre to post Yo-yo IR1; P < 0.0001) for salivary pH and for salivary lactate (interaction effect, P = 0.008; group effect, P < 0.000 1; time effect, P < 0.0001) with a lower salivary pH and a higher salivary lactate at pre and post-Yo-Yo IR1 for PHG, but no difference was observed for IL-1β. The data demonstrated that the high-intensity exercise led to a significant change in salivary pH and salivary lactate concentration of the basketball players, and that the oral hygiene status influenced these responses, with a greater change for those players showing a poor oral hygiene.

RESUMEN: Este estudio examinó las respuestas de pH salival, lactato salival e IL-1β salival de una prueba de carrera intermitente de alta intensidad, y la influencia del estado de higiene oral en los biomarcadores en jugadores adolescentes de baloncesto de élite. En el análisis participaron 46 jugadores adolescentes. Se tomó una muestra de saliva antes y 3 minutos después de un ejercicio de alta intensidad (Prueba de recuperación intermitente Yo-Yo Nivel 1; Yo-Yo IR1). Para cuantificar y clasificar el nivel de higiene oral, los atletas fueron sometidos a un examen dental y se aplicó un índice adaptado de higiene oral simplificado. Después del examen dental, el grupo se dividió en un grupo de buena higiene oral (GHG) y un grupo de mala higiene oral (PHG). Los resultados de un análisis de varianza mostraron un efecto de interacción significativo (P = 0.0003), efecto de grupo (P<0.0001) y efecto de tiempo (antes y después de Yo-yo IR1; P <0.0001) para el pH salival y para lactato salival (efecto de interacción, P = 0.008; efecto de grupo, P <0.0001; efecto de tiempo, P <0.0001) con pH salival más bajo y lactato salival más alto en IR1 pre y post YoY para PHG, pero no se observó una diferencia para IL-1β. Los datos demostraron que el ejercicio de alta intensidad genera un cambio significativo en el pH salival y el lactato de los jugadores de baloncesto, y que el estado de higiene oral influyó en estas respuestas, con un cambio mayor para aquellos jugadores que mostraron una mala higiene oral.

O efeito da idade relativa nas delegações olímpicas brasileiras / The relative age effect on the olympic brazilian delegations

Estudos prévios sugerem que jovens atletas nascidos nos primeiros meses do ano podem ser beneficiados no processo de seleção e formação quando comparados a atletas de mesma idade nascidos nos últimos meses do ano. Esse fenômeno é descrito na literatura como o efeito da idade relativa (EIR). O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o EIR nas delegações brasileiras participantes dos Jogos Olímpicos de Atenas 2004, Pequim 2008 e Londres 2012. Para esta investigação, a amostra foi composta por 543 atletas olímpicos (masculino e feminino). O teste Qui-Quadrado (x 2 ) foi adotado para a comparação entre a distribuição esperada e a distribuição observada. O nível de significância adotado foi de p<0,05. Os resultados do presente estudo não indicam diferença significante para distribuição de nascimentos entre os quartis do ano para a amostra investigada (p>0,05). Considerando que a análise principal foi realizada com agrupamentos das modalidades, é possível especular que esse resultado pode ser atribuído a diversos fatores, como: i) menor demanda por uma vaga nas categorias de base em determinadas modalidades esportivas, ii) divisões por categorias competitivas que além da idade também levam em consideração outras variáveis, iii) adoção de diferentes abordagens de formação de jovens atletas.(AU)

Previous studies suggest that young athletes born in the first months of the year may have an advantage during selection and development process compared to athletes of the same age born in the last months of the year. This phenomenon is described in the literature as the relative age effect (RAE). The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of RAE in participants of Brazilian delegations of the Olympic Games Athens 2004, Beijing 2008 and London 2012. For this study, the sample consisted of 543 Olympic athletes (male and female). The chi-square (x 2 ) was adopted to compare the expected distribution and the observed distribution. The significance level was set at p <0.05. The results of this study do not indicate significant difference in the birth distribution among quarters of the year for the population investigated (p> 0.05). Considering that the main analysis was conducted by pooled data, it is reasonable to speculate this outcome might be due to multiple factors such: i) lower demand for a place in the early categories in some sports, ii) rating for competitive categories beyond age also take into account other variables such as weight and height iii) the adoption of different long-term youth training approaches.(AU)

Effects of turmeric extract supplementation on inflammation and muscle damage after a half-marathon race: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Strenuous exercise induces inflammation and muscle damage. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a widely used spice that exhibits potent anti-inflammatory response and appears to decrease indirect markers of muscle damage. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of Curcuma longa L. extract (CLE) on inflammation and muscle damage after a half-marathon race. METHODS: Twenty-eight healthy, normal-weight men were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (1) CLE (3 capsules per day, 500 mg each); or (2) placebo (PLA, 3 capsules per day, 500 mg of microcrystalline cellulose). Participants received the intervention for 4 weeks and immediately before and after the half-marathon race. Creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, myoglobin, interleukins 6 and 10 were assessed at baseline, immediately before, after, and at 2, 24, and 48 h after the half-marathon race. RESULTS: The half-marathon race increased markers of inflammation and muscle damage. A greater increase in interleukin-10 was observed in the CLE group immediately after the competition compared to the PLA group (7.54 ± 1.45 vs 5.25 ± 0.59 pg/mL; p < 0.05; d = 0.55). Myoglobin concentration was lower 2 h after the race in participants from the CLE group compared to the PLA group (62.10 ± 8.26 vs 107.85 ± 18.45 ng/mL; p = 0.01; d = 0.86). CONCLUSION: Curcuma longa L. extract supplementation leads to an increase in IL-10 and decreased myoglobin in recreational male runners after a half-marathon race. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: U1111-1179-6335, February 13, 2016.

Physiological demands of archery: effect of experience level / Demandas fisiológicas do tiro com arco: efeito do nível de experiência

Abstract The understanding of fatigue development during Archery competition would guide sports scientists, coaches and athletes on how to optimize the training routines of athletes from different competitive levels. This study investigated the effect of expertise level on physiological responses, during simulated archery competition (double-round 70m, 12 series, 6 arrows for an elite Brazilian Archer (EA) and a Novice Archer (NA). Ratings of perceived exertion, blood lactate and glucose, handgrip strength and electromyography were registered at the beginning, after each set from the 2nd to the 12tharrow and, 30-min after the competition simulation. The EA showed a greater handgrip strength for both arms, a constant lower mean RMS value (Baseline 0.279V and 12th set 0.221V, -20.7%), and a stable MF value throughout the competition (Baseline 146Hz to 12th set 140Hz). The NA showed a smaller handgrip strength, an increase in RMS after the 6th set towards the end of the competition (Baseline 0.387V, 6th 0.576V, and 12th set 0.720V, +46.2%) and a minor decrease in MF from the 6th to the end of 12th set (2nd set 122Hz, 4th set 127Hz, 6th set 112Hz and 12th set 117Hz, - 4.1%). In summary, all the fatigue-related markers showed a mild response to the Archery competition simulation, although a greater magnitude was observed in the NA, compared to the EA. This study reported the physiologic demands of an Archery simulated competition, in an official format, allowing coaches and sport scientists to draw more confident decisions on competition strategy and training design.

Resumo O entendimento da fadiga durante a competição de Tiro com Arco pode auxiliar na otimização da rotina de treinamento de atletas em diferentes níveis competitivos. Este estudo investigou o efeito do nível de experiência do atleta sobre as respostas fisiológicas, durante competição simulada de Tiro com Arco para um atleta de elite (EA) e um arqueiro iniciante (NA). Esforço percebido, concentração de lactato e glicose sanguínea, força de preensão manual e eletromiografia foram registrados no início, após cada série e, 30-min após a simulação. O EA apresentou maior força de preensão manual para ambos braços, valor de média RMS constantemente mais baixo (Baseline 0,279V e 12ª série 0,221V, -20,7%), e valor de MF estável no decorrer da competição (Baseline 146Hz a 12a série 140Hz). O NA demonstrou menor força de preensão manual, aumento na RMS após a 6a série até o final da competição (Baseline 0,387V, 6a 0,576V, and 12a série 0,720V, +46,2%) e pequena diminuição na MF da 6ª até o final da 12ª série (2a série 122Hz, 4a série 127Hz, 6a série 112Hz e 12a série 117Hz, - 4,1%). Assim, todos os marcadores relacionados a fadiga apresentaram resposta discreta na simulação de competição de Tiro com Arco, com maior magnitude no NA, em comparação com EA. Este estudo apresentou as demandas fisiológicas da competição simulada de Tiro com Arco, no formato oficial, permitindo que treinadores e cientistas do esporte possam tomar decisões com maior confiança sobre estratégias de competição e treinamento.

Psychological responses, muscle damage, inflammation, and delayed onset muscle soreness to high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise in overweight men.

We compared in-task affect to HIIE and MICE, and its relationship with time spent at different metabolic domains, perceived exertion (RPE), self-efficacy, enjoyment, and future intention of exercise in overweight inactive men. Muscle damage and soreness, and inflammation were assessed post-exercise. Fifteen participants (28.9 ±â€¯5.0 yr; 29.2 ±â€¯3.8 kg/m2) completed a HIIE (10 × 1 min at 100% Vmax, 1 min recovery) and MICE (20 min at 55-59% VO2reserve) session. Affect, alertness, RPE, and self-efficacy were assessed in-task, and enjoyment and future intention post-task. At baseline, 24 and 48 h, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6 and -10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and muscle soreness were assessed. Affect (-3.1 ±â€¯1.8 vs. 0.8 ±â€¯1.8, P < .001) and self-efficacy (70 ±â€¯15 vs. 90 ±â€¯15%, P < .001) were lower, while RPE and alertness were higher in HIIE compared to MICE (Ps ≤ .02). Affect was negatively correlated with RPE in HIIE (r = -0.90) and MICE (r = -0.72), and time spent above respiratory compensation point in HIIE (r = -0.59). Affect was positively correlated with self-efficacy in MICE (r = 0.74). Enjoyment, future intention, muscle damage and soreness, and inflammation were similar between HIIE and MICE post-exercise. Therefore, in-task HIIE was experienced as unpleasant compared to MICE, but the psychological and physiological responses post-task were similar in overweight inactive men.

Salivary testosterone concentration, anxiety, perceived performance and ratings of perceived exertion in basketball players during semi-final and final matches.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of playing semi-final (SFM) and final (FM) matches on salivary testosterone (T) concentration, anxiety, session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) and perceived performance (PP) in elite male youth basketball players. Data from 25 players who participated ≥15 min in 6 assessed matches consisting of SFM (n = 3; 1 match for each age-category [U15, U16, and U17]), and FM (n = 3; 1 match for each age-category) were retained for analysis. Saliva sampling was conducted before and after the matches. Video recordings of the matches were conducted to assess the players match involvement (technical and tactical actions). Anxiety (CSAI-2) was assessed before pre-match saliva sampling, and session-RPE and PP were assessed post-matches. A significant increase in T from pre-to-post matches (SFM and FM; F = 24.40, p < .001) was observed, with no effect for condition (F = 1.70, p = .20) or interaction (F = 0.006, p = .93). No significant correlation between changes in salivary T (pre-to-post matches) and match involvement was observed (p > .05). However, a higher anxiety, session-RPE and PP were observed for FM (p < .05). The results of the present study suggest that while rising T in winners might be considered to be a hormonal response to support the expression of high-status signs, regardless of the playoff round (SFM or FM), the T and perceptual responses may be explained based on psychological aspects associated with the environment rather than by the technical demands or player's involvement in the match.

Training intensity distribution of young elite soccer players / Distribuição da intensidade de treinamento em jovens jogadores de futebol

Abstract The current study described the training load and intensity distribution of 30 elite Under 20 soccer players (17.9 ± 0.6 years, 180.3 ± 5.7 cm, 73.7 ± 8.8kg) from a 3-time FIFA Club World Cup champion. Session-rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), internal training load (ITL) and monotony were recorded across 40 training sessions. Mixed-effects modeling was used for data analysis. The athletes performed 33.0 ± 6.9 out of 40 planned training sessions. Most common reasons for absence from training included sickness or minor injuries. Overall, these training sessions summed 2928.7 ± 627.6 minutes. Athletes performed significantly more training sessions at low and moderate intensity zones than at high-intensity zone (p <0.0001). The current data indicate that elite young soccer players perform their training sessions predominantly at the low-intensity zone. Training monitoring is an important aspect of the sport training process evolution. In fact, previous evidence has already shown that an appropriate intensity distribution prevents maladaptation from sports training and may optimize athletic performance. Therefore, coaches should implement strategies to monitor training loads during pre-season and competitive periods.

Resumo O presente estudo descreveu a carga de treinamento e a distribuição de intensidade de 30 jogadores de elite de futebol sub 20 (17,9 ± 0,6 anos, 180,3 ± 5,7 cm, 73,7 ± 8,8 kg) de um clube de elite do estado de São Paulo. Durante 40 sessões de treinamento, a percepção subjetiva de esforço, bem como a carga interna de treinamento e a monotonia foram registradas. Os dados foram analisados por modelagem linear mista. Os atletas realizaram 33,0 ± 6,9 das 40 sessões de treinamento planejadas. As razões mais comuns para a ausência nas sessões de treinamento incluíram doenças ou lesões leves. De forma geral, essas sessões somaram 2928,7 ± 627,6 minutos. Os atletas realizaram significativamente mais sessões de treinamento em zonas de baixa e moderada intensidade comparado com a zona de alta intensidade (p <0,0001). Os dados do presente estudo indicam que os jovens jogadores de elite realizam suas sessões de treinamento predominantemente na zona de baixa intensidade. O monitoramento do treinamento colabora para a evolução do processo de treinamento esportivo. De fato, evidências anteriores já mostraram que a distribuição de intensidade apropriada impede a mal adaptação ao treinamento esportivo e pode otimizar o desempenho atlético. Portanto, treinadores devem implementar estratégias para monitorar as cargas de treinamento durante os períodos de pré-temporada e de competição.

Effect of eccentric action velocity on expression of genes related to myostatin signaling pathway in human skeletal muscle.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an acute bout of eccentric actions, performed at fast velocity (210º.s-1) and at slow velocity (20º.s-1), on the gene expression of regulatory components of the myostatin (MSTN) signalling pathway. Participants performed an acute bout of eccentric actions at either a slow or a fast velocity. Muscle biopsy samples were taken before, immediately after, and 2 h after the exercise bout. The gene expression of the components of the MSTN pathway was assessed by real-time PCR. No change was observed in MSTN, ACTRIIB, GASP-1 or FOXO-3a gene expression after either slow or fast eccentric actions (p > 0.05). However, the MSTN inhibitors follistatin (FST), FST-like-3 (FSTL3) and SMAD-7 were significantly increased 2 h after both eccentric actions (p < 0.05). No significant difference between bouts was found before, immediately after, or 2 h after the eccentric actions (slow and fast velocities, p > 0.05). The current findings indicate that a bout of eccentric actions activates the expression of MSTN inhibitors. However, no difference was observed in MSTN inhibitors' gene expression when comparing slow and fast eccentric actions. It is possible that the greater time under tension induced by slow eccentric (SE) actions might compensate the effect of the greater velocity of fast eccentric (FE) actions. Additional studies are required to address the effect of eccentric action (EA) velocities on the pathways related to muscle hypertrophy.

Mental fatigue impairs technical performance and alters neuroendocrine and autonomic responses in elite young basketball players.

This study investigated the effects of mental exertion on Small-Sided-Games (SSG) technical performance, salivary testosterone (T), cortisol (C), and alpha-amylase (sAA) responses in 32 basketball players (15.2 ±â€¯1.2 years; 180 ±â€¯11 cm; 72 ±â€¯15 kg). Technical performance and heart rate (HR) were assessed on two occasions, preceded by a 30-min incongruent Stroop task (mentally exertion treatment) or a 30-min control treatment. Saliva samples were collected before and after the treatment and after the SSG, and ratings of perceived exertion (session-RPE) was assessed. Large increase was observed from pre-control treatment to post-SSG for T (ES = 0.98) and sAA (ES = 0.82), but there was a small difference from pre-Stroop-task to post-SSG in T (ES = 0.33) and a moderate difference for sAA (ES = 0.55). Small changes in C for both conditions were observed (ES = 0.00 and 0.15, respectively). There were small differences between treatments for session-RPE (ES = 0.07), maximum (ES = -0.35) and average HR (ES = -0.16). Increased turnovers during the SSG (ES = 0.71) was seen following the Stroop task. The data suggest that mental fatigue state is a key regulator of technical performance of basketball players and that mental fatigue seems to modulate endocrine and autonomic responses.